The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was enacted in 2002 to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures. It focuses on corporate governance, internal controls, and financial reporting standards for public companies. SOX compliance is essential for public companies in the U.S. to prevent fraudulent activities, ensure transparency, and uphold corporate accountability.

• Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: SOX mandates companies to establish, document, and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting.
• Disclosure and Accuracy: Public companies must ensure the accuracy of their financial statements and disclosures, verifying their integrity.
• CEO and CFO Certifications: Top executives are required to personally certify the accuracy of financial reports, holding them accountable for misstatements.
• Audit Committee Requirements: SOX requires that public companies have an independent audit committee responsible for oversight of the financial reporting process and external auditors.
• Whistleblower Protection: SOX includes protections for employees who report fraudulent activities, requiring confidential reporting channels.

SOX was signed into law on July 30, 2002. It has been a continuous compliance requirement for public companies, with financial reporting controls needing regular audits and assessments.

• Fines and Penalties: SOX violations can lead to substantial fines for both companies and individuals, including jail time for executives who knowingly certify false information.
• Legal Repercussions: Non-compliance may result in SEC investigations and legal actions against the company and its executives.
• Reputational Damage: Investors and stakeholders may lose confidence in the organization, negatively impacting market value.
• Operational Costs: Addressing SOX non-compliance often requires reallocating resources to correct issues, leading to operational delays and financial strain.

• Improved Transparency: SOX encourages full transparency in financial reporting, building trust with shareholders and the public.
• Stronger Internal Controls: Compliance helps strengthen internal controls, minimizing risks of fraud and errors.
• Investor Confidence: SOX compliance enhances credibility, making companies more attractive to investors.
• Reduced Risk of Fraud: SOX mandates rigorous controls that help detect and prevent financial misconduct.